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low thrust propulsion is essential for

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low thrust propulsion is essential for
 

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low thrust propulsion is essential for
all space missions and NASA's Lewis

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all space missions and NASA's Lewis
 

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all space missions and NASA's Lewis
research center is conducting programs

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research center is conducting programs
 

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research center is conducting programs
to provide a broad range of low thrust

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to provide a broad range of low thrust
 

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to provide a broad range of low thrust
propulsion concepts for these auxiliary

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propulsion concepts for these auxiliary
 

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propulsion concepts for these auxiliary
and primary functions auxiliary

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and primary functions auxiliary
 

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and primary functions auxiliary
propulsion basically is used for keeping

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propulsion basically is used for keeping
 

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propulsion basically is used for keeping
space systems in desired locations or

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space systems in desired locations or
 

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space systems in desired locations or
for orientation typical examples are the

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for orientation typical examples are the
 

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for orientation typical examples are the
reaction control systems for earth to

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reaction control systems for earth to
 

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reaction control systems for earth to
orbit vehicles drag makeup and attitude

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orbit vehicles drag makeup and attitude
 

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orbit vehicles drag makeup and attitude
control for low Earth orbit systems such

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control for low Earth orbit systems such
 

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control for low Earth orbit systems such
as the Space Station freedom station

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as the Space Station freedom station
 

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as the Space Station freedom station
keeping for higher orbit systems such as

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keeping for higher orbit systems such as
 

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keeping for higher orbit systems such as
geosynchronous satellites and then retro

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geosynchronous satellites and then retro
 

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geosynchronous satellites and then retro
functions near planetary bodies primary

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functions near planetary bodies primary
 

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functions near planetary bodies primary
propulsion functions include the moving

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propulsion functions include the moving
 

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propulsion functions include the moving
of space vehicles from point to point in

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of space vehicles from point to point in
 

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of space vehicles from point to point in
earth space as well as propulsion from

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earth space as well as propulsion from
 

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earth space as well as propulsion from
Earth space to various planetary bodies

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Earth space to various planetary bodies
 

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Earth space to various planetary bodies
on earth to orbit vehicles such as the

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on earth to orbit vehicles such as the
 

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on earth to orbit vehicles such as the
Shuttle Orbiter low thrust propulsion

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Shuttle Orbiter low thrust propulsion
 

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Shuttle Orbiter low thrust propulsion
systems are used to control the

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systems are used to control the
 

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systems are used to control the
orientation of the vehicle examples

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orientation of the vehicle examples
 

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orientation of the vehicle examples
would be to control the movement of the

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would be to control the movement of the
 

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would be to control the movement of the
shuttle orbiter to face the Sun or

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shuttle orbiter to face the Sun or
 

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shuttle orbiter to face the Sun or
reorient it to meet other specific

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reorient it to meet other specific
 

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reorient it to meet other specific
requirements and then to deorbit the

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requirements and then to deorbit the
 

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requirements and then to deorbit the
shuttle for its return to Earth the low

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shuttle for its return to Earth the low
 

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shuttle for its return to Earth the low
thrust devices used for these

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thrust devices used for these
 

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thrust devices used for these
applications are called reaction control

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applications are called reaction control
 

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applications are called reaction control
systems for use on the space station

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systems for use on the space station
 

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systems for use on the space station
freedom to different times of low thrust

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freedom to different times of low thrust
 

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freedom to different times of low thrust
propulsion systems have been selected

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propulsion systems have been selected
 

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propulsion systems have been selected
for drag makeup thrusters call resistol

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for drag makeup thrusters call resistol
 

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for drag makeup thrusters call resistol
jets will be

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jets will be
 

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jets will be
these resistor Jets will use the waste

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these resistor Jets will use the waste
 

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these resistor Jets will use the waste
gas from the various Space Station

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gas from the various Space Station
 

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gas from the various Space Station
modules this approach eliminates the

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modules this approach eliminates the
 

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modules this approach eliminates the
requirement for the launch of drag

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requirement for the launch of drag
 

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requirement for the launch of drag
makeup propellant and the return of

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makeup propellant and the return of
 

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makeup propellant and the return of
waste gases for the attitude control of

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waste gases for the attitude control of
 

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waste gases for the attitude control of
the space station lewis is working on

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the space station lewis is working on
 

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the space station lewis is working on
small chemical rockets these engines are

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small chemical rockets these engines are
 

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small chemical rockets these engines are
used to control the torques and forces

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used to control the torques and forces
 

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used to control the torques and forces
that are created during shuttle birthing

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that are created during shuttle birthing
 

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that are created during shuttle birthing
and other situations where moderate

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and other situations where moderate
 

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and other situations where moderate
thrust levels are required high Earth

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thrust levels are required high Earth
 

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thrust levels are required high Earth
orbit systems need two very different

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orbit systems need two very different
 

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orbit systems need two very different
kinds of auxiliary propulsion systems

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kinds of auxiliary propulsion systems
 

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kinds of auxiliary propulsion systems
first when geosynchronous satellites are

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first when geosynchronous satellites are
 

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first when geosynchronous satellites are
placed into orbit an apogee propulsion

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placed into orbit an apogee propulsion
 

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placed into orbit an apogee propulsion
system is required to circularize the

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system is required to circularize the
 

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system is required to circularize the
satellite and place it into the correct

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satellite and place it into the correct
 

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satellite and place it into the correct
orbit the geosynchronous orbit is the

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orbit the geosynchronous orbit is the
 

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orbit the geosynchronous orbit is the
one that makes the satellite appear to

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one that makes the satellite appear to
 

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one that makes the satellite appear to
be in a fixed position when viewed from

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be in a fixed position when viewed from
 

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be in a fixed position when viewed from
the earth in order to keep the

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the earth in order to keep the
 

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the earth in order to keep the
satellites in desired orbit NASA Lewis

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satellites in desired orbit NASA Lewis
 

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satellites in desired orbit NASA Lewis
is working on very low thrust Electric

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is working on very low thrust Electric
 

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is working on very low thrust Electric
Rockets called arc Jets a final example

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Rockets called arc Jets a final example
 

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Rockets called arc Jets a final example
of auxiliary propulsion is the use of

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of auxiliary propulsion is the use of
 

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of auxiliary propulsion is the use of
chemical rockets near planetary bodies

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chemical rockets near planetary bodies
 

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chemical rockets near planetary bodies
it is necessary to provide a retro

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it is necessary to provide a retro
 

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it is necessary to provide a retro
propulsion maneuver at planetary bodies

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propulsion maneuver at planetary bodies
 

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propulsion maneuver at planetary bodies
so they may be captured and allow the

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so they may be captured and allow the
 

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so they may be captured and allow the
spacecraft to go into orbit around the

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spacecraft to go into orbit around the
 

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spacecraft to go into orbit around the
bodies or simply to slow down to obtain

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bodies or simply to slow down to obtain
 

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bodies or simply to slow down to obtain
desired data primary propulsion is being

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desired data primary propulsion is being
 

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desired data primary propulsion is being
developed for use in both Earth orbit

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developed for use in both Earth orbit
 

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developed for use in both Earth orbit
and for planetary missions planetary

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and for planetary missions planetary
 

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and for planetary missions planetary
missions include the transfer of systems

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missions include the transfer of systems
 

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missions include the transfer of systems
to beyond Earth space to such targets as

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to beyond Earth space to such targets as
 

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to beyond Earth space to such targets as
planets comets and asteroids in summary

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planets comets and asteroids in summary
 

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planets comets and asteroids in summary
then all space missions use low thrust

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then all space missions use low thrust
 

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then all space missions use low thrust
propulsion in one form or another the

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propulsion in one form or another the
 

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propulsion in one form or another the
Lewis research center is conducting a

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Lewis research center is conducting a
 

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Lewis research center is conducting a
low thrust propulsion program utilizing

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low thrust propulsion program utilizing
 

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low thrust propulsion program utilizing
an in-house University and industrial

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an in-house University and industrial
 

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an in-house University and industrial
team

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team
 

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team
this blend of skill and capability

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this blend of skill and capability
 

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this blend of skill and capability
assure that the program will develop

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assure that the program will develop
 

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assure that the program will develop
practical devices for near-term

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practical devices for near-term
 

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practical devices for near-term
applications and at the same time

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applications and at the same time
 

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applications and at the same time
produce more advanced concepts for the

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produce more advanced concepts for the
 

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produce more advanced concepts for the
longer term higher payoff national space

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longer term higher payoff national space
 

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longer term higher payoff national space
missions